Islamic Philosophical Doctrines

The Role of Fiṭrah (Primordial Nature) and Wujdān (Conscience) in the Realization of Freedom in the Thoughts of Mullā Ṣadrā and Heidegger

Amin Dehghani; Abbas Javareshkian; Jahangir Masoudi; Seyyed Morteza Hosseini Shahrudi

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, , Pages 39-84

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7265.1631

Abstract

The problem of freedom has always been and remains a wide‑ranging and living issue through centuries. The manner of understanding its philosophical truth depends, on the one hand, ... Read More The problem of freedom has always been and remains a wide‑ranging and living issue through centuries. The manner of understanding its philosophical truth depends, on the one hand, on the philosophical foundations of philosophers and, on the other hand, on numerous other individual‑social questions. Mullā Ṣadrā and Heidegger are two highly influential philosophers, and based on their philosophical principles, a particular view of freedom takes shape. Fiṭrah (primordial nature) in the thought of Mullā Ṣadrā and Wujdān (conscience) in the thought of the early Heidegger are among the most important components in these two philosophers’ articulations on freedom. Using an analytical method, this article examines the role of Fiṭrah from Mullā Ṣadrā’s perspective and the role of conscience from the early Heidegger’s perspective in the realization of freedom, and then comparatively explores the similarities and differences between their views. Through a comparative study of Ṣadrian Fiṭrah and Heideggerian conscience in terms of their quiddity, origin, goal, and content, with a focus on their role in the realization of freedom, it is concluded that although there are similarities, Mullā Ṣadrā’s view possesses coherence and superiority in the following respects: (1) providing a precise account of the origin of Fiṭrah (based on the theory of manifestation (Tajallī) and relational existence); (2) explaining the common innate possessions (both cognitive and dispositional) of human beings; (3) offering a comprehensive picture of the existential dimensions of the human being (ethical and mystical) and their correspondence with the levels of freedom; (4) explaining the existence of the Most High God as the ultimate end of the human being and the ultimate end of freedom; and (5) providing a practical program (the sacred law, Sharīʿah) for the flourishing of Fiṭrah and the realization of freedom.

Emanation of Effects from the First Cause and Its Modeling Using the Concept of Function in Mathematics

Mohammad Kamyabinejad; A'zam Irajinia; Abbas Javareshkian

Volume 19, Issue 34 , June 2024, , Pages 155-172

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.6474.1562

Abstract

The question of how the multiplicity observed in the world emanates from the First Cause has been a subject of contention and diverse opinions among monotheistic thinkers, particularly ... Read More

Examining Mullā Ṣadrā’s Attitude to Deny the Appearance (Manifestation) of Non-God in Narrated Supplications and Narrative Documents

Sayyid Morteza Hosseini Shahroudi; Abbas Javareshkian; Hamid Esfandiari

Volume 17, Issue 31 , December 2023, , Pages 51-71

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2023.5098.1431

Abstract

In the intellectual system of Ṣadr al-Mutiʾallihīn (Arabic: صدر المتألّهین) and on the basis of principals such as the priority of existence and modulation of ... Read More In the intellectual system of Ṣadr al-Mutiʾallihīn (Arabic: صدر المتألّهین) and on the basis of principals such as the priority of existence and modulation of existence and most importantly the self-unfolding of existence and the rule of “بسیط الحقیقة کلّ الأشیاء ولیس بشیء منها” [Indivisible Entity or God (Arabic: بسیط الحقیقة) is all things and it is none of them] is only a “single manifestation” in the universe and does not have manifestation except God himself and all manifestations are considered as the attributes and modes of being and consequently, the basis of existence which is based on the unity of the absolute, are all individuation, manifestation and appearance of that truth, i.e., the only existence of Him is considered and His manifestation and all things are the manifestation of that single and absolute Essence with a special mode. This attitude is present in many parts of the supplications of the Infallibles (as) (which is their direct, special and open communication is with the Lord), phrases such as: “My God, You are the Manifest (Evident, Outward or Ascendant) and there is nothing above You,” (Arabic: إلهی أنت الظاهر فلیس فوقک شیء), “Oh, the Immanent in His Evident” (Arabic: یا باطنًا فی ظهوره), “I saw you appearing in everything” (Arabic: فرأیتک ظاهرًا فی کلّ شیء), “Will there be any appearance other than you?” (Arabic: أیکون لغیرک من الظهور), “Praise be to Allah, who has revealed Himself to His creatures because of His creation” (Arabic: الحمد للّٰه المتجلّی لخلقه بخلقه) etc. that along with proofs from the aḥādīth and verses of the Quran are indicative of this importance which leads to the strengthening of this Mullā Ṣadrā’s view and will open the way to knowledge for those who want to know God Almighty. There is no precedent for this research and citation of the subject and its method is based on a library method.

Negation of Boundary (Being Borderless) between the Immaterial and the Material in Ṣadrā's Thought

Farzaneh Ranjbarzadeh; Abbas Javareshkian; Sayyed Morteza Hosseini Shahrudi

Volume 15, Issue 27 , December 2021, , Pages 119-140

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2021.1302

Abstract

One of the important philosophical issues is the discussion of the “immaterial and material” (existence) being. Providing a precise definition of “immaterial” ... Read More

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Author = Javareshkian, Abbas

The Role of Fiṭrah (Primordial Nature) and Wujdān (Conscience) in the Realization of Freedom in the Thoughts of Mullā Ṣadrā and Heidegger

Abstract

Emanation of Effects from the First Cause and Its Modeling Using the Concept of Function in Mathematics

Abstract

Examining Mullā Ṣadrā’s Attitude to Deny the Appearance (Manifestation) of Non-God in Narrated Supplications and Narrative Documents

Abstract

Negation of Boundary (Being Borderless) between the Immaterial and the Material in Ṣadrā's Thought

Abstract