Islamic Philosophical Doctrines

The problem of freedom has always been and remains a wide‑ranging and living issue through centuries. The manner of understanding its philosophical truth depends, on the one hand, ... Read More The problem of freedom has always been and remains a wide‑ranging and living issue through centuries. The manner of understanding its philosophical truth depends, on the one hand, on the philosophical foundations of philosophers and, on the other hand, on numerous other individual‑social questions. Mullā Ṣadrā and Heidegger are two highly influential philosophers, and based on their philosophical principles, a particular view of freedom takes shape. Fiṭrah (primordial nature) in the thought of Mullā Ṣadrā and Wujdān (conscience) in the thought of the early Heidegger are among the most important components in these two philosophers’ articulations on freedom. Using an analytical method, this article examines the role of Fiṭrah from Mullā Ṣadrā’s perspective and the role of conscience from the early Heidegger’s perspective in the realization of freedom, and then comparatively explores the similarities and differences between their views. Through a comparative study of Ṣadrian Fiṭrah and Heideggerian conscience in terms of their quiddity, origin, goal, and content, with a focus on their role in the realization of freedom, it is concluded that although there are similarities, Mullā Ṣadrā’s view possesses coherence and superiority in the following respects: (1) providing a precise account of the origin of Fiṭrah (based on the theory of manifestation (Tajallī) and relational existence); (2) explaining the common innate possessions (both cognitive and dispositional) of human beings; (3) offering a comprehensive picture of the existential dimensions of the human being (ethical and mystical) and their correspondence with the levels of freedom; (4) explaining the existence of the Most High God as the ultimate end of the human being and the ultimate end of freedom; and (5) providing a practical program (the sacred law, Sharīʿah) for the flourishing of Fiṭrah and the realization of freedom.

Examining Mullā Ṣadrā’s Attitude to Deny the Appearance (Manifestation) of Non-God in Narrated Supplications and Narrative Documents

Sayyid Morteza Hosseini Shahroudi; Abbas Javareshkian; Hamid Esfandiari

Volume 17, Issue 31 , December 2023, , Pages 51-71

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2023.5098.1431

Abstract

In the intellectual system of Ṣadr al-Mutiʾallihīn (Arabic: صدر المتألّهین) and on the basis of principals such as the priority of existence and modulation of ... Read More In the intellectual system of Ṣadr al-Mutiʾallihīn (Arabic: صدر المتألّهین) and on the basis of principals such as the priority of existence and modulation of existence and most importantly the self-unfolding of existence and the rule of “بسیط الحقیقة کلّ الأشیاء ولیس بشیء منها” [Indivisible Entity or God (Arabic: بسیط الحقیقة) is all things and it is none of them] is only a “single manifestation” in the universe and does not have manifestation except God himself and all manifestations are considered as the attributes and modes of being and consequently, the basis of existence which is based on the unity of the absolute, are all individuation, manifestation and appearance of that truth, i.e., the only existence of Him is considered and His manifestation and all things are the manifestation of that single and absolute Essence with a special mode. This attitude is present in many parts of the supplications of the Infallibles (as) (which is their direct, special and open communication is with the Lord), phrases such as: “My God, You are the Manifest (Evident, Outward or Ascendant) and there is nothing above You,” (Arabic: إلهی أنت الظاهر فلیس فوقک شیء), “Oh, the Immanent in His Evident” (Arabic: یا باطنًا فی ظهوره), “I saw you appearing in everything” (Arabic: فرأیتک ظاهرًا فی کلّ شیء), “Will there be any appearance other than you?” (Arabic: أیکون لغیرک من الظهور), “Praise be to Allah, who has revealed Himself to His creatures because of His creation” (Arabic: الحمد للّٰه المتجلّی لخلقه بخلقه) etc. that along with proofs from the aḥādīth and verses of the Quran are indicative of this importance which leads to the strengthening of this Mullā Ṣadrā’s view and will open the way to knowledge for those who want to know God Almighty. There is no precedent for this research and citation of the subject and its method is based on a library method.

The “Conscience of the Self” and Its Infallibility From the Perspectives of Muslim Philosophers

Maytham ʿAzīzīyān Muṣliḥ; Sayyid Murtaḍā Ḥusaynī Shāhroudī

Volume 18, Issue 32 , June 2023, , Pages 215-236

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2024.5217.1443

Abstract

One of the examples of the intuitive knowledge (Arabic: عِلْمُ الْحُضوری, lit.: knowledge by presence or presential knowledge) is “self-consciousness”. There ... Read More

The Narratives of al-Nūr (the Light) Creation and the Position of Three Great Philosophers: Sadr al-Muta'alehin, Fayḍ al-Kāshānī and Allamah Tabatabaei

Sayyedeh Zahra Mousavi; Sayyed Morteza Husseini Shahroudi; Muhammad Ali Vatandoost Haghighi Marand

Volume 16, Issue 29 , December 2022, , Pages 261-282

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2020.1062

Abstract

One of the most important religious issues is the matter of the existential position of khatam al-anbīyāʾ (the seal of the prophets) before the stage of the natural world (matter). ... Read More

Theoretical Analysis of the Perceptual Position of Imagination and Related Basic Concepts from Mullā Ṣadrā’s Point of View with the Perspective of Cognitive Psychology

Reyhaneh Shayesteh; Muhammad Kazem Elmi Sola; Sayyed Morteza Hosseini Shahroudi

Volume 16, Issue 28 , June 2021, , Pages 141-160

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2021.1431

Abstract

Cognitive psychology is one of the important branches of psychology in which it deals with important concepts related to perception, language, comprehension and how information is processed. ... Read More

Background of Sadr-ol-Mote'allehin’s Theory of Congregation in Ibn Arabi’s Mysticism

Mahdieh Nezakati Ali Asghari; Sayyed Morteza Husseini Shahroudi; Alireza Kohansal

Volume 14, Issue 25 , December 2020, , Pages 187-206

Abstract

Mulla Sadra, on the basis of the principality of existence, the unity of the dubiety and the substantial movement and Ibn Arabi, on the basis of the unity of existence, believe in congregation ... Read More

Activity or Capability of the Soul in Perceiving of Details and Examining the Results of Accepting Each One in Ṣadra’s Thought

Amir Rastin; Sayyed Morteza Hosseini Shahroudi

Volume 15, Issue 26 , June 2020, , Pages 133-156

Abstract

Sadr-ol-Mote'allehin May Allah be Merciful to him paints two main images for the soul regarding the perception of partial illusory and sensory (perceptual) forms: one is the active ... Read More

Examining and Criticizing the Quantum Physic about the Principle of Causality

Sayyed Morteza Hosseini Shahrudi

Volume 5, Issue 8 , October 2009, , Pages 33-61

Abstract

Comparative Studding of Pantheism in Viewpoint of Ibn Arabi and Spinoza

Sayyed Morteza Hosseini Shahroudi

Volume 4, Issue 7 , November 2008, , Pages 129-161

Abstract

Ethics and Relativity

Sayyed Morteza Hosseini Shahroudi

Volume 2, Issue 4.5 , January 2006, , Pages 125-152

Abstract

Introducing and Criticizing of Logical Positivism

Seyyed Mortaza Hosseini Shahrudi

Volume 1, Issue 2.3 , August 2003, , Pages 127-174

Volume 20 (2025)

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Volume 18 (2023)

Volume 17 (2022)

Volume 16 (2021)

Volume 15 (2020)

Volume 14 (2019)

Volume 13 (2018)

Volume 12 (2017)

Volume 11 (2016)

Volume 10 (2015)

Volume 9 (2014)

Volume 8 (2013)

Volume 7 (2012)

Volume 6 (2011)

Volume 5 (2010)

Volume 4 (2009)

Volume 3 (2008)

Volume 2 (2007)

Volume 1 (2006)

Author = Sayyid Morteza Hosseini Shahroudi

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