Islamic Philosophical Doctrines

Criticism of the position of theoretical reason in religious knowledge from the perspective of Sadr al-Din Qonavi

Mahmud Saidiy; Muhammad Reza Farahmand Kia

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 December 2025

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7726.1670

Abstract

How to use theoretical reason in understanding religious knowledge is one of the most important issues raised among Muslim thinkers. Sadr al-Din Qunavi is one of the greatest Muslim ... Read More

An Examination of Fayyāḍ al-Lāhījī’s Defenses of al‑Khafrī’s Proofs for the Necessary Existent

Mohammad Reza Farahmandkia

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, , Pages 209-232

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7558.1655

Abstract

This research employs an analytical‑critical method to examine and evaluate the effectiveness of Fayyāḍ al-Lāhījī’s defenses of Muḥaqqiq al‑Khafrī’s proofs ... Read More

A Critical Assessment of Gholamreza Fayyāḍī’s Critiques of Avicenna’s Arguments for the Immateriality of the Rational Soul

Mahmoud Saidi; Mohammadreza Farahmadkia

Volume 20, Issue 36 , June 2025, , Pages 261-284

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7488.1647

Abstract

In Islamic philosophy, the discussion of the immateriality of the soul (Tajarrud al-Nafs) constitutes one of the most fundamental and complex topics in philosophical anthropology, which ... Read More In Islamic philosophy, the discussion of the immateriality of the soul (Tajarrud al-Nafs) constitutes one of the most fundamental and complex topics in philosophical anthropology, which has consistently engaged the attention of Muslim philosophers. Thinkers such as Avicenna, adducing various proofs, sought to demonstrate the immateriality of the soul. However, in the contemporary era, certain scholars—including Ayatollah Fayyāḍī—have undertaken a critical re-examination of these proofs, scrutinizing their foundations and premises and casting doubt upon their validity and completeness. Adopting an analytical-critical approach, the present research investigates the most significant critiques advanced by Fayyāḍī concerning Avicenna’s arguments for the soul’s immateriality. Among these critiques are the following: doubt concerning the indivisibility of intelligible forms, denial of the necessary connection between immateriality and indivisibility, challenge to the self-evidence of the distinction between degrees of perceptual intensity, rejection of the existential distinction between sensory and intellectual faculties based on the criterion of immateriality, dismissal of the “Flying Man” argument as unreal, objection to the manner in which cognitive forms are individuated given their attribution to a particular subject, and finally, denial of the correlation between immateriality and unity on the one hand and materiality and multiplicity on the other. The findings of this research indicate that most of these critiques suffer from serious logical and epistemological flaws and lack the demonstrative force to refute Avicenna’s cogent proofs for the immateriality of the soul. Consequently, the final analysis of this study emphasizes that the classical arguments of Islamic philosophy concerning the soul’s immateriality, despite certain challenges, retain their requisite coherence and demonstrative strength, and Fayyāḍī’s critiques lack the logical sufficiency to invalidate them.

A Criticism on Fakhr Rāzī’s Theory in Proof of Void (Arabic: خلأ)

Mahmoud Seydi; Muhammad Reza Farahmandkia

Volume 17, Issue 30 , June 2022, , Pages 191-206

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2023.3985.1337

Abstract

One of the old issues among philosophers is the existence or non-existence of Void (Arabic: خلأ). Muslim philosophers, who mainly following Aristotle, considered the theory of void ... Read More

Analysis of Hakim Sabzevari's View on Mulla Sadra's Position on the Channel of the Rule of Unity

Sayyed Muhammad Musawi Baygi; Reza Hesari; Muhammad Reza Gorgin

Volume 15, Issue 27 , December 2021, , Pages 255-272

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2021.1308

Abstract

The rule of unity is one of the basic and important rules and principles in Islamic philosophy. The implication of this rule is that for a single reason, only a single disabled issue ... Read More

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Author = Farahmandkia, Muhammad Reza

Criticism of the position of theoretical reason in religious knowledge from the perspective of Sadr al-Din Qonavi

Abstract

An Examination of Fayyāḍ al-Lāhījī’s Defenses of al‑Khafrī’s Proofs for the Necessary Existent

Abstract

A Critical Assessment of Gholamreza Fayyāḍī’s Critiques of Avicenna’s Arguments for the Immateriality of the Rational Soul

Abstract

A Criticism on Fakhr Rāzī’s Theory in Proof of Void (Arabic: خلأ)

Abstract

Analysis of Hakim Sabzevari's View on Mulla Sadra's Position on the Channel of the Rule of Unity

Abstract