Islamic Philosophical Doctrines

This research undertakes a critical re-reading of the conceptual metaphor of the “cage” (Qafas) in the tenth verse of Avicenna’s Al-Qaṣīdah al-ʿAyniyyah. Despite ... Read More

Research

A Critique of the Cognitive Capacity in Artificial Intelligence Based on the Theory of the Unity of the Knower and the Known in Transcendent Philosophy (al-Ḥikmat al-Mutaʿāliyah)

Ali Saghiry; Mehdi Afchengi; Ebrahim Baghshani

Volume 20, Issue 36 , June 2025, Pages 41-72

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7009.1617

Abstract

The question of cognitive capacity in Artificial Intelligence (AI) constitutes one of the fundamental challenges at the intersection of the philosophy of mind and modern cognitive technology. ... Read More

Research

Allamah Mulla 'Abdullah Yazdi's reflections on the issue of tashkīk

Mohammad Jafar Jāmebozorgī

Volume 20, Issue 36 , June 2025, Pages 73-100

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7515.1650

Abstract

The problem of Tashkīk (gradation of being) is among the most fundamental issues in Islamic philosophy, playing a decisive role in the formation of Transcendent Theosophy and the transition ... Read More The problem of Tashkīk (gradation of being) is among the most fundamental issues in Islamic philosophy, playing a decisive role in the formation of Transcendent Theosophy and the transition from the principiality of quiddity (Aṣālat al-Māhiyyah) to the principiality of existence (Aṣālat al-Wujūd). This concept was a focal point of precise reflection and profound philosophical debate in the School of Shiraz, particularly among philosophers such as Jalāl al-Dīn al-Dawānī, Ghiyāth al-Dīn al-Dashtakī, and ʿAllāmah Mullā ʿAbd Allāh al-Yazdī. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach and based on a study of Mullā ʿAbd Allāh Yazdī’s treatise Al-Tashkīk and his glosses on Qūshjī’s commentary on Tajrīd al-Iʿtiqād, the present research examines the evolution of his view from an inclination toward the principiality of quiddity to his final emphasis on the principiality of existence. The research method is comparative textual analysis based on a comparison of the views of al-Dawānī, al-Dashtakī, and al-Yazdī, along with an extraction of al-Yazdī’s final position from his philosophical and logical glosses. The findings indicate that Mullā ʿAbd Allāh was initially aligned with his teacher, Ghiyāth al-Dīn al-Dashtakī, in accepting Tashkīk in quiddities. However, in his final reflections, he explicitly affirmed the principiality of existence and the conventionality (Iʿtibārī) of quiddity, confining the domain of Tashkīk exclusively to the external reality of existence. This shift in perspective laid the groundwork for connecting the intellectual currents of the School of Shiraz to the foundations of Ṣadrian Transcendent Theosophy. Consequently, al-Yazdī’s theory can be regarded as one of the evolutionary links in Islamic philosophy’s transition from conceptual Tashkīk to existential Tashkīk—a link whose role in connecting the ideas of the School of Shiraz with the School of Isfahan and the formation of Mullā Ṣadrā’s philosophy is fundamental.

Research

A Typology of Hasan al-Basri’s Doctrinal Pessimism and Examination of Its Sociopolitical Implications

Fardin Jamshidi Mehr; Āref Danyālī

Volume 20, Issue 36 , June 2025, Pages 101-126

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7533.1654

Abstract

Hasan al-Baṣrī can be regarded as one of the first pessimistic thinkers in the Islamic world. His pessimism concerns the relationship between human beings and the terrestrial world ... Read More

Research

A Comparative Study of the Concept of Love in the Philosophies of Avicenna and Schopenhauer: From Good-Centeredness to the Will Oriented Toward Survival

Ehsan Zohrehvand; Gholam-Hossein Khedri

Volume 20, Issue 36 , June 2025, Pages 127-156

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7513.1651

Abstract

This study adopts an analytical-comparative approach to explore the concept of love in the philosophical systems of Avicenna and Schopenhauer. Avicenna examines love through three distinct ... Read More

Research

A Comparative Analysis of the Signifier and Signified: From Saussure’s Contract and Derrida’s Différance to the Theory of Unity in Multiplicity in Mullā Ṣadrā’s Transcendent Wisdom

Mansoureh Doāgū; Rajāʾ AbūʿAlī

Volume 20, Issue 36 , June 2025, Pages 157-190

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7280.1638

Abstract

The question of meaning and its relationship with expressive forms has long been a central concern in philosophical and linguistic discourse. Linguists have hitherto examined language ... Read More

Research

A Critical Analysis of Sartre’s Theory of Human Nature and an Explanation of the Qur’anic Perspective

Elham Ostadi; Hamed Shariati Niyasar; Seyed Mohammad Taghi Shakeri

Volume 20, Issue 36 , June 2025, Pages 191-224

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7583.1659

Abstract

The question of human nature constitutes one of the most fundamental topics in anthropology and the humanities. Jean-Paul Sartre, within the framework of atheistic existentialism, denies ... Read More

Research

Investigating the Epistemological Possibility of God with an Emphasis on Ḥadīth

Narjes Abrari; Abolghasem Assi Mozneb; Seyyed Hamid Shamerizi

Volume 20, Issue 36 , June 2025, Pages 225-259

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7468.1652

Abstract

This research has been conducted to investigate the possibility of knowing the quiddity of God with an emphasis on Islamic traditions (Ḥadīth). Knowledge and cognition of the Divine ... Read More

Research

A Critical Assessment of Gholamreza Fayyāḍī’s Critiques of Avicenna’s Arguments for the Immateriality of the Rational Soul

Mahmoud Saidi; Mohammadreza Farahmadkia

Volume 20, Issue 36 , June 2025, Pages 261-284

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7488.1647

Abstract

In Islamic philosophy, the discussion of the immateriality of the soul (Tajarrud al-Nafs) constitutes one of the most fundamental and complex topics in philosophical anthropology, which ... Read More In Islamic philosophy, the discussion of the immateriality of the soul (Tajarrud al-Nafs) constitutes one of the most fundamental and complex topics in philosophical anthropology, which has consistently engaged the attention of Muslim philosophers. Thinkers such as Avicenna, adducing various proofs, sought to demonstrate the immateriality of the soul. However, in the contemporary era, certain scholars—including Ayatollah Fayyāḍī—have undertaken a critical re-examination of these proofs, scrutinizing their foundations and premises and casting doubt upon their validity and completeness. Adopting an analytical-critical approach, the present research investigates the most significant critiques advanced by Fayyāḍī concerning Avicenna’s arguments for the soul’s immateriality. Among these critiques are the following: doubt concerning the indivisibility of intelligible forms, denial of the necessary connection between immateriality and indivisibility, challenge to the self-evidence of the distinction between degrees of perceptual intensity, rejection of the existential distinction between sensory and intellectual faculties based on the criterion of immateriality, dismissal of the “Flying Man” argument as unreal, objection to the manner in which cognitive forms are individuated given their attribution to a particular subject, and finally, denial of the correlation between immateriality and unity on the one hand and materiality and multiplicity on the other. The findings of this research indicate that most of these critiques suffer from serious logical and epistemological flaws and lack the demonstrative force to refute Avicenna’s cogent proofs for the immateriality of the soul. Consequently, the final analysis of this study emphasizes that the classical arguments of Islamic philosophy concerning the soul’s immateriality, despite certain challenges, retain their requisite coherence and demonstrative strength, and Fayyāḍī’s critiques lack the logical sufficiency to invalidate them.

Research

Sourcehood or Manifestation: An Investigation into the Soul's Relation to Cognitive Forms from Ṣadr al-Mutaʾallihīn to ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī

Bagher Navid

Volume 20, Issue 36 , June 2025, Pages 285-310

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7328.1635

Abstract

The relationship between the soul and cognitive forms (al-Ṣuwar al-ʿilmiyyah) and its analysis in Islamic philosophy has a long history. This research seeks to examine the role of ... Read More

Reveiw Article

The Manifestation of the Fundamentals of the Transcendent Theosophy in the Lyric Poems of ʿAllāmah Ḥasan-zādah Āmulī

Mohammad Javad Jaʿfarī-zādeh

Volume 20, Issue 36 , June 2025, Pages 311-340

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7477.1646

Abstract

Poetic language, owing to its unparalleled capacity for conveying profound concepts in a concise and pleasing expression, has long served as an eloquent medium for reflecting deep philosophical ... Read More

Reveiw Article

Examining the Role of Voluntary Actions in the Substantial Motion of the Soul with Emphasis on Mullā Ṣadrā’s Perspective

Alinejat Raizan; Mohammad Karami

Volume 20, Issue 36 , June 2025, Pages 341-368

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7494.1648

Abstract

Given the importance of substantial motion (al-Ḥarakah al-Jawhariyyah) and the essential transformation of the soul in Mullā Ṣadrā’s philosophy, this research examines the ... Read More

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Volume & Issue: Volume 20, Issue 36, June 2025, Pages 1-368

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