Islamic Philosophical Doctrines

Research

The Path of Spiritual Realization of the Perfect Human in al-Faṣṣ al-Yūsufī, in Light of the Manifestation (Tajallī) of the Divine Names

Fatemeh Sadat (Mahnaz) Tavakoli; Fatemeh Abedini

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, Pages 7-38

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7592.1662

Abstract

Al-Faṣṣ al-Yūsufī of Ibn ʿArabī is regarded as one of the most distinguished sections of Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam, in which luminous wisdom (al-Ḥikmah al-Nūriyyah) is attributed ... Read More Al-Faṣṣ al-Yūsufī of Ibn ʿArabī is regarded as one of the most distinguished sections of Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam, in which luminous wisdom (al-Ḥikmah al-Nūriyyah) is attributed to Prophet Joseph (Yūsuf, peace be upon him). In this Faṣṣ, Ibn ʿArabī, relying on the ontological foundations of the unity of existence (Waḥdah al-Wujūd) and the theory of manifestation (Tajallī), interprets the story of Joseph not merely as a historical narrative but as an allegory of the spiritual journey of the human soul-from darkness to light, from form to meaning, and from multiplicity to unity. In this interpretation, Prophet Joseph is presented as the locus of manifestation of the divine Names of beauty and light, such as al‑Nūr (the Light), al‑Muṣawwir (the Fashioner), al‑ʿālīm (the All‑Knowing), al‑Jamīl (the Beautiful), al‑Ḥakīm (the Wise), and al‑Ḥaqq (the Real), since in him are united both the knowledge of dream interpretation and intrinsic beauty and luminosity. Through luminous wisdom, Ibn ʿArabī explicates the relationship between the imaginal realm (al-ʿālam al‑Mithāl), imagination (khayāl), and the knowledge of interpretation (taʿbīr), demonstrating that Joseph, as the Perfect Human (al‑Insān al‑Kāmil), is a mirror in which the divine Names are manifested at different levels of being. Employing a descriptive‑analytical method and drawing upon the text of al-Faṣṣ al-Yūsufī and the commentaries of major figures such as al‑Jandī, al-Qayṣarī, al-Khwārazmī, Pārsā, and other commentators, this paper analyzes the manifestations of the divine Names and the symbolic meaning of the Yūsufī spiritual journey, and on this basis proposes a Yūsufī model of the Perfect Human. Among the findings of the research is that al-Faṣṣ al-Yūsufī depicts a system of luminous and hermeneutical knowledge in which knowledge and beauty, imagination and reality, and the outward and the inward are unified in the light of the Manifestation of the divine Names-such as Light, Wise, Fashioner, All‑Knowing, Beautiful, Guardian (Walī), Manifest (Ẓāhir), Hidden (Bāṭin), and other Names-and by focusing on this innovative insight, the Yūsufī paradigm of the Perfect Human is introduced.

Research

The Role of Fiṭrah (Primordial Nature) and Wujdān (Conscience) in the Realization of Freedom in the Thoughts of Mullā Ṣadrā and Heidegger

Amin Dehghani; Abbas Javareshkian; Jahangir Masoudi; Seyyed Morteza Hosseini Shahrudi

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, Pages 39-84

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7265.1631

Abstract

The problem of freedom has always been and remains a wide‑ranging and living issue through centuries. The manner of understanding its philosophical truth depends, on the one hand, ... Read More The problem of freedom has always been and remains a wide‑ranging and living issue through centuries. The manner of understanding its philosophical truth depends, on the one hand, on the philosophical foundations of philosophers and, on the other hand, on numerous other individual‑social questions. Mullā Ṣadrā and Heidegger are two highly influential philosophers, and based on their philosophical principles, a particular view of freedom takes shape. Fiṭrah (primordial nature) in the thought of Mullā Ṣadrā and Wujdān (conscience) in the thought of the early Heidegger are among the most important components in these two philosophers’ articulations on freedom. Using an analytical method, this article examines the role of Fiṭrah from Mullā Ṣadrā’s perspective and the role of conscience from the early Heidegger’s perspective in the realization of freedom, and then comparatively explores the similarities and differences between their views. Through a comparative study of Ṣadrian Fiṭrah and Heideggerian conscience in terms of their quiddity, origin, goal, and content, with a focus on their role in the realization of freedom, it is concluded that although there are similarities, Mullā Ṣadrā’s view possesses coherence and superiority in the following respects: (1) providing a precise account of the origin of Fiṭrah (based on the theory of manifestation (Tajallī) and relational existence); (2) explaining the common innate possessions (both cognitive and dispositional) of human beings; (3) offering a comprehensive picture of the existential dimensions of the human being (ethical and mystical) and their correspondence with the levels of freedom; (4) explaining the existence of the Most High God as the ultimate end of the human being and the ultimate end of freedom; and (5) providing a practical program (the sacred law, Sharīʿah) for the flourishing of Fiṭrah and the realization of freedom.

Research

An Analysis and Examination of Ḥamzah al-Fanārī’s View on the Reality of Time

Reza Hesari; Hamid Reza Khademi

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, Pages 85-108

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7901.1689

Abstract

Hamzah al-Fanārī is among those divine mystics who expounded most of his mystical views in his work Miṣbāḥ al-ʾuns. Among these views is his approach concerning the reality ... Read More

Research

A Comparative Analysis of Mullā Ṣadrā’s Burhān al-Ṣiddīqīn and Antony Flew’s Critiques of the Metaphysical Foundations of the Proofs for God’s Existence

Mohammad Heydarifard

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, Pages 109-142

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7905.1690

Abstract

Mullā Ṣadrā’s Burhān al-Ṣiddīqīn (Proof of the Truthful), as one of the most significant formulations of the proof for God’s existence in Islamic philosophy, is ... Read More Mullā Ṣadrā’s Burhān al-Ṣiddīqīn (Proof of the Truthful), as one of the most significant formulations of the proof for God’s existence in Islamic philosophy, is based on the principles of the principality of existence (Aṣālat al-Wujūd), the gradation of existence (Tashkīk al-Wujūd), and an ontological interpretation of causality. In this respect, it differs fundamentally from essence‑based and classical cosmological arguments. In contrast, Antony Flew, as a prominent figure of analytic atheism in the twentieth century, advanced extensive critiques against the proofs for God’s existence, focusing mainly on the Aristotelian‑Thomistic argument from causality, the teleological argument, and explanations based on essentialist and empirically grounded causality. The central question of this research is whether these critiques - given Flew’s epistemological and semantic presuppositions - apply also to the ontological structure and the interpretation of causality in Mullā Ṣadrā’s Burhān al-Ṣiddīqīn. The present study, employing conceptual and comparative analysis and comparing the metaphysical foundations of the two traditions-Transcendent Theosophy (al-Ḥikmah al-Mutaʿāliyah) and analytic philosophy of religion-examines the relationship between Flew’s critiques and the Burhān al-Ṣiddīqīn. The findings indicate that the reason Flew’s critiques do not extend to the Burhān al-Ṣiddīqīn lies in the fundamental difference between the two conceptions of causality and explanation. Flew’s critiques are directed at a model of empirical and essence‑based causality that is meaningful within the framework of classical cosmological arguments, whereas the Burhān al-Ṣiddīqīn is based on an analysis of “existence as such” (al-Wujūd bi mā Huwa Wujūd), the gradational continuum of the degrees of being, and the existential necessity of the Necessary Existent (Wājib al-Wujūd), and is not essentially a kind of event‑based or empirical explanation. Therefore, the Burhān al-Ṣiddīqīn not only falls outside the direct scope of Flew’s critiques but can also, through a conceptual reformulation, provide capacities for dialogue and the reconstruction of proofs for God’s existence in the context of contemporary philosophy of religion.

Research

A New Model of Religious Rationality Based on the Foundations of Religious Knowledge in the Two Intellectual Systems of Mullā Ṣadrā and Plantinga

Fahimeh Khoshnevisan

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, Pages 143-178

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7659.1666

Abstract

The problem of this article is to present a new model of religious rationality based on the foundations of religious knowledge in the two intellectual systems of Mullā Ṣadrā and ... Read More The problem of this article is to present a new model of religious rationality based on the foundations of religious knowledge in the two intellectual systems of Mullā Ṣadrā and Plantinga-a comprehensive model that can integrate the ontological and existential elements of the Islamic tradition with the criteria of contemporary analytic epistemology. Mullā Ṣadrā, through an emphasis on presential knowledge (al-ʿilm al-Ḥuḍūrī), the gradation of existence (Tashkīk al-Wujūd), and the unity of the knower and the known (Ittiḥād al-ʿāqil wa al-Maʿqūl), offers a structure of religious knowledge organized on the basis of the existential and intuitive realization of knowledge. In contrast, Plantinga, through his warrant theory and the explanation of the proper functioning of cognitive faculties, presents a functionalist picture of religious rationality. Employing an analytical‑comparative method, the present article seeks to examine a new model of religious rationality through a dialogue between these two philosophical systems. The significance of this research lies not merely in a conceptual comparison between the two traditions, but in its aim to construct a theory by bringing together the fundamental elements of both systems in order to develop an integrated model of religious rationality. The structure of the article consists of three main parts: first, an explanation of the foundations of religious knowledge in Transcendent Theosophy (al-Ḥikmah al-Mutaʿāliyah); second, an analysis of the foundations of religious knowledge based on Plantinga’s warrant theory; and third, the presentation of a proposed model for religious rationality based on the integration of the two traditions. The finding of the article indicates that the combination of the intuitive and presential ontology in Transcendent Theosophy with the functionalist analysis of cognitive faculties in warrant theory can provide a framework in which religious belief can, on the one hand, be rationally explained through presence and existential realization in the human cognitive domain, and on the other hand, through the proper mechanisms of cognition.

Research

Components of Āqā Nūr al‑Dīn al‑ʿirāqī’s Anthropology and Its Brief Application to the Foundations of Transcendent Wisdom: An Analytical‑Theoretical Rereading

Saeed Famil Dardashty; Mehrdad Hasanbeygi

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, Pages 179-208

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7692.1667

Abstract

Sayyid Nūr al-Dīn Arākī, known as Āqā Nūr al-Dīn al-ʿirāqī, is regarded as a prominent contemporary scholar. Despite his complete mastery in the fields of jurisprudence (Fiqh), ... Read More Sayyid Nūr al-Dīn Arākī, known as Āqā Nūr al-Dīn al-ʿirāqī, is regarded as a prominent contemporary scholar. Despite his complete mastery in the fields of jurisprudence (Fiqh), principles of jurisprudence (ʾUṣūl), and Qurʾānic exegesis (Tafsīr), he is also considered an authority in the rational sciences. In this research, the authors employ a descriptive‑analytical method to extract and explain the opinions and theories of this prominent figure in the field of anthropology, and to briefly apply these theories to the foundations of Transcendent Wisdom (al‑Ḥikmah al‑Mutaʿāliyah). Among the most important components of al-ʿirāqī’s anthropology are: belief in the sacred as the criterion of human rationality; human existence as a microcosm corresponding to the existence of the macrocosm; the human soul as a mobile and evolving reality; the elemental body and the super‑soul as the two lower and higher levels of the human soul; reaching God as the ultimate goal and perfection of the human soul; harmony between human action and existential form; faith as the main factor in the strength and perfection of the human soul; and the removal of egoism as the wisdom behind establishing religious rituals. The brief application of these components to the foundations of Transcendent Wisdom shows that they are applicable to and interpretable through certain fundamental principles of Transcendent Wisdom, such as the eternal necessity and infinity of God, God and His manifestations being the totality of perfection, the substantial motion of the soul, the unity of the soul and the body, the union of knowledge, the knower, and the known, and the reciprocal relation of states between the soul and the body. The purpose of this application is to explain the use that al-ʿirāqī, as a prominent jurist and exegete, has made of the capacities of Transcendent Wisdom – an explanation that itself bears witness to the sublimity of Ṣadrian wisdom, enriched by its religious and Qurʾānic character.

Research

An Examination of Fayyāḍ al-Lāhījī’s Defenses of al‑Khafrī’s Proofs for the Necessary Existent

Mohammad Reza Farahmandkia

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, Pages 209-232

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7558.1655

Abstract

This research employs an analytical‑critical method to examine and evaluate the effectiveness of Fayyāḍ al-Lāhījī’s defenses of Muḥaqqiq al‑Khafrī’s proofs ... Read More

Research

Critique and Evaluation of Qurʾānic Writings on the Infallibility (ʿiṣmah) of the Prophets Based on Theological‑Exegetical Principles

Reza Ghaseminejad; Mohammad Moradi; Mehdi Nosratian Ahour; Seyyed Amir Sakhvatian

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, Pages 233-262

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7835.1681

Abstract

The infallibility (ʿiṣmah) of the prophets is a foundational and highly influential topic in Islamic theology. Its nature and scope have long been a matter of disagreement among ... Read More

Research

Two Conceptions of Spiritual Discipline (Riyāḍah): A Comparative Analysis of the Anthropological Foundations of Avicenna and Mullā Ṣadrā

Hamedeh Rastaei; Hassan Karami

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, Pages 263-288

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7699.1668

Abstract

Avicenna and Mullā Ṣadrā both provide coherent programs for spiritual discipline (Riyāḍah) that apparently pursue similar goals. Yet beneath these outward similarities lies a ... Read More Avicenna and Mullā Ṣadrā both provide coherent programs for spiritual discipline (Riyāḍah) that apparently pursue similar goals. Yet beneath these outward similarities lies a fundamental distinction rooted in their differing anthropological foundations: the soul as a static substance versus the soul as a fluid being in a state of becoming (Ṣayrūrah). Employing an analytical‑comparative approach, this article first examines the fivefold anthropological principles of the two philosophers (the origin of the soul, the perfection of the soul, the role of the body, the levels of the soul, and its relation to the Active Intellect). It then demonstrates how these distinctions affect the pathology of the soul and the prescription of healings. In Avicennian philosophy, the soul is a static substance that employs the body as a temporary instrument, and the levels of the soul are its accidental states. Consequently, the obstacles to the soul’s perfection (psychic diseases) have a “passive” nature, meaning the domination and contamination of this static substance by bodily faculties. In contrast, from Mullā Ṣadrā’s perspective, the soul is the product of substantial motion (al‑Ḥarakah al‑Jawhariyyah) and a reality in a constant state of becoming. Thus, obstacles to perfection acquire an “active and existential” nature, namely the intensification and consolidation of the soul at lower, animal levels of existence. This fundamental difference gives the threefold goals of spiritual discipline-emptying (Takhlīyah), adornment (Taḥliyah), and the refinement of the innermost soul (Talṭīf al‑Sirr)-an ontological interpretation in Transcendent Philosophy, transforming them from a merely purificatory program into tools for substantial perfection. Spiritual discipline in Avicenna’s view is a psychological process for purifying the static substance of the soul, while in Mullā Ṣadrā’s view it is an ontological and existential movement for the flourishing and intensification of the soul on the path toward union with the Intellect and the sacred realm.

Research

On ‘Hesitation’ in the Ḥadīth “I Hesitated About Nothing That I Do…” with Emphasis on Philosophical and Mystical Foundations

Ramin Golmakani; sayyed Ali Delbari; mahmoud moqaddas sharq

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, Pages 289-320

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7707.1669

Abstract

Among the Islamic traditions, there are narrations of great renown and profound theological, philosophical, and mystical significance that, with minor variations in wording, have been ... Read More

Research

Moral Education in Early Childhood from the Perspective of Mashshāʾī Thinkers

Fatemeh Movahedi Parsa

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, Pages 321-350

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8020.1703

Abstract

Islam accords particular significance to ethics and early childhood, often regarded as the golden period of education. Developing an indigenous‑Islamic model for moral education during ... Read More

Reveiw Article

The Evolution of the Concept of God’s Power and the Proofs for It in Imāmī Theology from the Beginning to the Baghdad School

Hamid Ataei Nazari

Volume 20, Issue 37 , December 2025, Pages 351-378

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7735.1671

Abstract

Unlike divine attributes such as knowledge (ʿilm) and will (Irādah), whose various aspects have been the subject of numerous philosophical and theological investigations, the attribute ... Read More

The Principle of Contradiction in the World from the Point of View of Ṣadrā and Hegel

Volume 16, Issue 28 , June 2021, , Pages 211-235

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2021.1909.1188

Abstract

Conflict, meaning disturbance and incompatibility, has always attracted the attention of human beings and they have faced the question of why there is some kind of war and conflict ... Read More

The Unity of the Qur'an and Proof (reasoning) in Explaining the “Embodiment of Deeds” Based on the Intellectual Geometry of Allameh Javadi Amoli

Volume 17, Issue 30 , June 2022, , Pages 149-190

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2023.4302.1358

Abstract

Eschatology and anthropology have a decisive role in human happiness (Arabic: سعادة, Romanized: sa'ādah) and it can be the foundation of human happiness and his distance from ... Read More

The Analysis and Review of the Challenges and Solutions to the Issue of “Perceptual Illusion” in Islamic Wisdom

Volume 17, Issue 30 , June 2022, , Pages 79-104

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2021.3112.1261

Abstract

The existence of illusions in perceptual perceptions have many philosophical challenges; so, it is important to study the views and solutions of Muslim philosophers in this issue. The ... Read More

The Explanation of the Philosophical Fundamentals of the Power of the Influence of Cyberspace Based on ʿAllāma Ṭabāṭabāʾī’s Theory of Fictions

Volume 17, Issue 31 , December 2023, , Pages 3-27

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2023.5282.1451

Abstract

The speed of the expansion of cyberspace and its high power among different individuals and communities is one of the important issues of today’s world. On the other hand, one ... Read More

Criticizing and Studying the Whatness of Colours with Emphasizing Avicenna’s Opinion

Volume 16, Issue 29 , December 2022, , Pages 181-210

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2022.3232.1270

Abstract

Most of the traditional and Islamic philosophers believe in the realism of colours and think that the colours are physical properties and according to the natural sciences of every ... Read More

Research

Criticism of Gholamreza Fayyazi's criticisms of the rule "the soul is in the unity of all the powers" in the opinion of Mulla Sadra

Mahmud Saidiy; Seyed Mohammad Musawy

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 January 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7644.1665

Abstract

Psychology is one of the most important topics of transcendental wisdom, which is discussed under the topics of the fourth book of the Four Books. One of the most important rules of ... Read More

Research

Criticism of the position of theoretical reason in religious knowledge from the perspective of Sadr al-Din Qonavi

Mahmud Saidiy; Muhammad Reza Farahmand Kia

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 December 2025

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2025.7726.1670

Abstract

How to use theoretical reason in understanding religious knowledge is one of the most important issues raised among Muslim thinkers. Sadr al-Din Qunavi is one of the greatest Muslim ... Read More

Research

Analysis of the Arguments for Proving Divine Power and Free Will in Imami Philosophical Theology

Hamid Ataei Nazari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 February 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7809.1679

Abstract

در مقایسه با اوصافی چون «علم» و «ارادۀ» الهی که تاکنون از جوانب مختلف مورد بررسی قرار گرفته ... Read More در مقایسه با اوصافی چون «علم» و «ارادۀ» الهی که تاکنون از جوانب مختلف مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است، دربارۀ وصف «قدرت» خدا تحقیقات کمتری به انجام رسیده؛ از این‌رو، توضیح دیدگاه‌ها و ادلّۀ متکلّمان در خصوص چگونگی تعریف و اثبات قادریّت الهی همچنان در شمار اولویّت‌های پژوهشی در حوزۀ کلام اسلامی به‌شمار می‌آید. در همین راستا، در مقالۀ حاضر با استفاده از روش تحقیق تاریخی – تحلیلی نظرگاه‌ها و براهین گوناگونی که متکلّمان امامیّه در دورۀ تکوین و تکامل کلام فلسفی طی قرون هفتم تا یازدهم هجری، و بطور خاص متکلّمان مکتب حلّۀ متأخّر، در خصوص قدرت و اختیار الهی مطرح نموده‌اند تدوین و تشریح و تحلیل می‌شود. این جستار نمودار آن است که در آثار این متکلّمان، در مجموع، هفت استدلال به‌منظور اثبات قادریّت خداوند به‌معنای قادرِ مختار بودنِ او ارائه شده است که از میان آنها، یک استدلال، نَقلی و سایر دلایل، عقلیِ محض است. از این هفت استدلال، یک دلیل، به نفی جبر برون‌ذاتی از خداوند می‌پردازد، ولی شش دلیل دیگر با نفی جبر درون‌ذاتی از خدا، قادرِ مختار بودنِ او را به اثبات می‌رساند. همچنین، از میان پنج استدلال عقلیِ ناظر به نفی جبر درون‌ذاتی، یک استدلال، قادرِ مختار بودنِ خدا را بدون استناد به موجودات عالَم و صِرفاً به عنوان یکی از صفات کمالی او اثبات می‌کند، در حالی که در چهار استدلال دیگر با استناد به برخی از صفات مخلوقات یعنی حدوث، نظم و اِتقان، تغییر و تحوّل، و نیز عدم‌پذیری، قادریّت الهی نشان داده می‌شود.

Research

The Unity of Theoretical and Practical Reason in the Light of Mulla Sadra's Fuzzy Anthropology

Kokab Darabi; Hamed Ailzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 February 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7866.1684

Abstract

This study analyzes the impact of Mulla Sadra's gradual and fuzzy view of human truth on his final perspective regarding theoretical and practical intellect. Using a descriptive-analytical ... Read More

Research

رابطه علم و دین در پرتو تعامل گرایی فلسفی

Abolfaz Mohammadi; Abas lzadpanah

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7867.1685

Abstract

رابطه علم و دین از مسائل بنیادین و مناقشه‌برانگیز در تاریخ تفکر فلسفی، الهیاتی و علمی در غرب و جهان ... Read More رابطه علم و دین از مسائل بنیادین و مناقشه‌برانگیز در تاریخ تفکر فلسفی، الهیاتی و علمی در غرب و جهان اسلام بوده است. پرسش اصلی این پژوهش آن است که آیا می‌توان الگویی معرفت‌شناختی و فلسفی ارائه کرد که ضمن حفظ استقلال نسبی علم و دین، از تعارض، تفکیک مطلق، تطبیق یک‌سویه یا التقاط میان آن‌ها پرهیز کرده و زمینه تعامل سازنده میان این دو را فراهم آورد؟ در پاسخ به این پرسش، مقاله حاضر چهار رویکرد اصلی در نسبت علم و دین - تعارض، تفکیک، تطبیق یک‌سویه و تلفیق - را تحلیل و نقد می‌کند و نشان می‌دهد که هر یک از این رویکردها با کاستی‌های معرفتی و روش‌شناختی جدی مواجه‌اند. سپس با تکیه بر ابرگرایش «تعامل‌گرایی فلسفی» و با بهره‌گیری از مبانی فلسفه اسلامی، به‌ویژه حکمت متعالیه، الگویی بدیل برای تبیین رابطه علم و دین ارائه می‌شود. دستاورد اصلی پژوهش آن است که فلسفه، به‌مثابه دانشی بنیادین و میانجی معرفتی، می‌تواند چارچوبی فراهم آورد که در آن علم و دین، نه در تقابل و نه در تفکیک کامل، بلکه در رابطه‌ای تعاملی، تکمیل‌گر و هم‌افزا قرار گیرند. بر اساس این رویکرد، علم و دین با حفظ تفاوت‌های روشی و قلمروی خود، قادر خواهند بود در فهم واقعیت، معنا و غایت هستی، یکدیگر را تقویت کنند. روش پژوهش کتابخانه‌ای و مبتنی بر تحلیل توصیفی–انتقادی است.

Research

Moral Realism and Anthropological Foundations; A Critical Evaluation of Physicalism in Light of the Doctrine of the Essence of the Soul

Rasoul Ahmadi; Seyed Mehdi Ahmadi Nik; Ali Asghar Rajabi Asadabadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 January 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7942.1695

Abstract

The present study, with an analytical-comparative approach, examines two anthropological approaches: abstract and physicalist, and their moral consequences. The main issue of the research ... Read More

Research

The Evolution of the Concept of the Gradational Nature (Tashkīk) of Existence from Ibn Sīnā to Mullā Ṣadrā

zeinab shakibi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7948.1696

Abstract

Ibn Sīnā introduces the idea of genushood (jinsiyyah) in explaining the relation between gradational universals (kulliyyāt mushakkikah) and their instances within the Peripatetic ... Read More

Research

"A Comparative Study of the Foundations and Components of the Meaning of Life in the Thought of Mullā Ṣadrā and Viktor Frankl"

Majid Beigy

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 February 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7945.1697

Abstract

he meaning of life is one of the most fundamental philosophical and psychological questions, referring to the purpose, value, and function of human life, and it plays a central role ... Read More

Research

Reconstruction of the theory of the human needs system from Mulla Sadra's perspective and its comparative study with Maslow's system of needs

Mohammad Azadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.7988.1700

Abstract

Man is a free being who has the ability to transcend to the highest levels of perfection. Anthropologists have different views on the "basic needs and prerequisites for the perfection ... Read More

Research

Feasibility Study of "Ethics" in Artificial Intelligence: An Analysis Based on the Principles of "Nature" in the Philosophical Mysticism of Ayatollah Shahabadi

Saeideh Sadat Shahidi; Seyed Ali Mirlohi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 February 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8031.1705

Abstract

.This research explores the challenge of "moral agency" in Artificial Intelligence (AI) through the lens of "Nature" in Ayatollah Shahabadi's philosophical mysticism. While dominant ... Read More

Research

comparative study of happiness in Mulla Sarda's philosophy and Besser's

Ali Rezaee; Mehran Rezaee

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8052.1707

Abstract

This study adopts an analytical and comparative approach to examine the concept of happiness (saʿāda) in the thought of Mullā Ṣadrā and Lorin Besser, aiming to show how these ... Read More

Research

A Critical Analysis of Nietzsche’s Self-Grounded Anthropology Based on the Theory of Fitrah in Islamic Theology (With Emphasis on Allameh Tabataba’i’s Philosophical Interpretation)

Mohammad Heydarifard

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8065.1712

Abstract

Anthropology occupies a fundamental position in Nietzsche’s thought and forms the basis of many of his ethical views. By rejecting divine authority and denying any fixed essence ... Read More

Research

Critical Analysis of ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī’s Theory of Primary and Common Predication in Addressing Philosophical Problems*

Ali Ansari Baygi; Mohsen Ansari Baygi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8086.1717

Abstract

primitive (ḥamli awwalī) and common predication (ḥamli shā'iʿ) occasionally functions as a predicate of the subject, and occasionally as a predicate itself. Each of these two ... Read More

Research

Mental Existence from the Perspective of Transcendent Philosophy and the School of Tafkik (Focusing on the Views of Mirza Mahdi Isfahani and Mirza Javad Tehrani)

Mohammad Mehdi Geraei; Mahdi Azimi; mustafa zali

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8103.1720

Abstract

Mental existence is considered one of the fundamental pillars of epistemology in Islamic philosophy. Sadr al-Muta'allihin Shirazi is regarded as one of the defenders of this theory, ... Read More

Research

An Analytical Critique of the Foundations of Philosophical Hermeneutics and Their Implications for the Interpretation of Religious Texts

Fatemeh Abdollahpour Sangchi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8116.1722

Abstract

In recent decades, philosophical hermeneutics, grounded in ontological premises—most notably in the thought of Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer—has brought about ... Read More

Research

A Comparative Analysis of Sabzavari’s and Javadi Amoli’s Interpretations of the Primacy of Existence, with Emphasis on the Mode of Quiddity’s Representation (Ḥikāyah)

Muhammad Hosseinzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8119.1723

Abstract

This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the extent of convergence and divergence between the views of two prominent interpreters of Transcendent Philosophy (al-ḥikmah ... Read More

Research

An Archaeological Redefinition of the Transition from Ehrenfels’s Additive Dualism to Gestalt’s Structural Unity

Javad Sayyadfar; Alireza Kohansal; Abolfazl Ghaffari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8104.1726

Abstract

Explaining how sensory inputs yield coherent perceptual forms constituted an epistemological crisis of nineteenth-century elementarist psychology. This crisis surfaced in the inefficacy ... Read More

Research

From the Melody of Sophia and Phronesis to the Symphony of Quranic Ḥikmah: A Comparative Reading of Quranic Wisdom within the Framework of Responsible Virtue Epistemology

Norouz Amini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 April 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8147.1728

Abstract

This study focuses on a central issue in the philosophy of religion, namely the relationship between knowledge, moral virtue, and the epistemic responsibility of the knowing agent, ... Read More

Research

Explaining the harmony between individual identity and collective identity based on the philosophical foundations and interpretative views of Allameh Tabataba'i

Alireza Gholampour; Mahmud Dayyani; Kokab Darabi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8176.1731

Abstract

The compatibility and harmony between individual identity and collective identity is one of the fundamental challenges in the intersection of philosophy and social sciences. With the ... Read More

Research

Reconsidering the Pedagogical Function of Sabzavari’s Sharḥ al-Manẓūma: An Analysis Based on Divergent Educational Paradigms

Hasan Haj reza beigi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8226.1736

Abstract

Islamic philosophy education in the seminary tradition has relied on texts shaping the "faculty of philosophical understanding." Recently, with its shift to academia, Mullā Hādī ... Read More

Research

شرک ‏ به مثابه ظلم وجودی در دیدگاه ملاصدرا

Abedin Darvishpour; Mohammad Karami; Hamedeh Rastaaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8257.1743

Abstract

توحید در اندیشه دینی، اساس کمال وجودی انسان است که با هماهنگ ساختن عقل و نفس، مسیر ‏شکوفایی استعدادهای ... Read More توحید در اندیشه دینی، اساس کمال وجودی انسان است که با هماهنگ ساختن عقل و نفس، مسیر ‏شکوفایی استعدادهای انسانی را هموار می‌کند. در مقابل شرک، به عنوان «ظلم وجودی»، با تجزیه حقیقت ‏هستی، انسان را دچار پراکندگی و غفلت از مبدأ مطلق می‌کند. در حالی که «شرک» غالباً گناهی اعتقادی ‏تلقی می‌شود، توصیف قرآنی آن به مثابه «ظلم عظیم» به ساحتی عمیق‌تر و وجودی اشاره دارد. این پژوهش ‏با هدف تبیین این بُعد هستی‌شناختی، استدلال می‌کند که شرک صرفاً یک خطای عبادی نیست، بلکه ‏‏«ظلمی وجودی» به نفس است که با تجزیه حقیقت و انحراف از فطرت توحیدی، مسیر کمال انسان را مسدود ‏می‌سازد. این تحقیق با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی با اتکاء به مبانی حکمت متعالیه ملاصدرا، این مفهوم را از پنج ‏منظر هستی‌شناختی، انسان‌شناختی، معرفت‌شناختی، کمال‌شناختی و اخلاقی-حقوقی واکاوی می‌کند. ‏یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که شرک با نشاندنِ موجودِ محدود در جایگاهِ وجودِ مطلق، به یک خطای بنیادین در ‏ساختار واقعیت منجر می‌شود که پیامدهای تکوینی آن، محرومیت از هدف آفرینش، زوال آرامش وجودی، ‏سلب قابلیت دریافت آمرزش الهی و سقوط کرامت انسانی است. در نهایت، این بازخوانی فلسفی-وجودی، افقی ‏تحلیلی برای مواجهه با چالش‌های انسان معاصر، از جمله بحران هویت و ازخودبیگانگی، ارائه می‌دهد‎.‎‏ ‏

Reveiw Article

The Place of Reason and Revelation in Sayyid Morteza's Theological Epistemology

Mohammad Hossein Mohammadpoor; Ramazanali Izanloo

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2026.8192.1734

Abstract

The position of reason in philosophy and theology is different, because these two sciences differ in subject, method, and goal. The goal of the theologian is to defend his religious ... Read More